Questions: the ghunnah

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Questions

1. What is the ruling of the noon and the meem with shaddah? And how is each of them called?
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   When the noon and the meem are found with shaddah, it becomes obligatory to make the ghunnah appear in them at their pronunciation: that is their rule. Each of the two is called a letter of shaddah ghunnah, or a letter aghann mushaddad.

   Revision: Noon and meem with shaddah: ruling and ghunnah

2. What is the ghunnah in the language and in the terminology? And what is its makhraj? Its length? Its manner of execution?
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   In the language, the ghunnah is a sound that resonates in the nose; in the terminology, a delicate sound lodged in the body of the noon and the meem, in which the tongue has no role. Its makhraj is the nose (al-khayshum), its deepest part inside. Its length is two harakat, by the movement of the finger. Its pronunciation follows what follows it in emphasis and in attenuation: emphasized if what follows is a letter of isti'aalah, as in يَنْطِقُونَ, attenuated if it is a letter of istifaal, as in مَا نَنْسَخْ.

   Revision: Ghunnah

3. What are the degrees of the ghunnah? And in which of these degrees does it reach the degree of perfection?
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   The degrees of the ghunnah are five according to the mashhur: 1. its most perfect degree, in the mushaddad and the mudgham with complete ghunnah; 2. the mudgham with incomplete ghunnah; 3. the mukhfa (entering into it the iqlaab); 4. the saakin made apparent (muzhar); 5. the mutaharrik. In reality, it appears only in the first three degrees: the mushaddad, the mudgham and the mukhfa, where it reaches the degree of perfection; in the muzhar and the mutaharrik, it is its origin that is maintained in them, not its perfection.

   Revision: Ghunnah

4. Where is the ghunnah found in a state of perfection?
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   The ghunnah in a state of perfection is found: in the noon saakin and the tanween in the cases of the idghaam with ghunnah, the iqlaab and the ikhfa; in the noon and the meem mushaddad; and in the meem saakin in its two cases, the ikhfa and the idghaam.

   Revision: Ghunnah

5. With what proof has the maintenance of the ghunnah in the muzhar and the mutaharrik been established?
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   The scholars relied, for the maintenance of the ghunnah in the muzhar and the mutaharrik, on the fact that the pronunciation of the noon and the meem made apparent or mutaharrik becomes impossible if the point of articulation of the ghunnah (the nose) is obstructed: proof that the ghunnah remains in them, even if it does not reach perfection in them.

   Revision: Ghunnah

6. Extract the noon and the meem with shaddah from the following verses: the Most High said: إِن كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ ¹, ثُمَّ لَتُسْأَلُنَّ يَوْمَئِذٍ عَنْ النَّعِيمِ ², يَحْسَبُ أَنَّ مَالَهُ أَخْلَدَهُ ³, وَأَمَّا مَنْ خَفَّتْ مَوَازِينُهُ، فَأُمُّهُ هَاوِيَةٌ ⁴, إِنَّا أَعْطَيْنَاكَ الْكَوْثَرَ ⁵.
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   Spot each noon or meem with shaddah: they carry the perfect ghunnah of two harakat, like the shaddah noon of لَمَّا, the shaddah meem of ثُمَّ, the shaddah noon of لَتُسْأَلُنَّ and of أَنَّ, the shaddah meem of فَأُمُّهُ and the shaddah noon of إِنَّا. Also spot each noon saakin or tanween followed by a letter merged with ghunnah: the tanween of هَاوِيَةٌ into the noon that follows, and the noon of عَنْ merged into the shaddah noon of النَّعِيمِ with ghunnah.

   Revision: Ghunnah